Ender’s Game Book Report

Ender’s Game Ender’s Game is a sci-fi novel which was composed by Orson Scott Card. This epic is about a splendid military tactician, Ender Wiggin, whose story happens later on where there is a consistent danger of an intrusion from outsiders who have been given the hostile moniker, Bugger. Ender’s adolescence isn't a simple one considering he gets prodded at school for being a â€Å"third† just to get back home to an injurious sibling who is continually hassling Ender and his sister Valentine and he has the heaviness of the world on his shoulders since they accept that he is the last trust in humanity to fend off the Buggers. After numerous long periods of checking Ender the International Fleet chooses they need to enroll Ender into Battle School, the story’s plot takes off from here where he battles to adapt to other people who detest him, he battles with the idea of leaving his youth, Valentine and his home and he is additionally in the consistent battle to rule the Battle Room. Following a couple of years on this spaceship Ender becomes demotivated and needs to visit Earth and see Valentine where he finds out about Peter’s plot to assume control over the world. After this Ender gets sent off to Eros, the planet which Command School is on and where he meets Mazer Rackham, who was the legend of the principal bugger intrusion, and Mazer starts preparing Ender on a test system that learns and gets more earnestly as the Buggers gain from an earlier time. In the long run Ender beats the test system just to discover he was ordering the genuine article and they didn’t let him know since they needed to keep his feelings out of it. He likewise discovers that Earth has been taken over by Peter so he and Valentine colonize the bugger’s old planet where he finds a bugger pupa where he at that point chooses to help out it. Ender was a youthful virtuoso who was a third kid or third in while having multiple kids was viewed as awful. In view of this he was constantly prodded yet his introduction to the world was really approved by the administration trying to spare the world structure the Buggers. Ender changed from blameless and trusting into a solidified and semi-aloof machine before the finish of the story. Ender’s sibling and sister impacted Ender, on the off chance that it weren’t for them being so keen the International Fleet wouldn’t have approved Ender’s birth and on the off chance that it weren’t for Peter he wouldn’t have realized how to cry quietly and Valentine helped him adapt to Peter while additionally showing him how to love and helping him when he visits Earth directly before going to Command School. The story has numerous settings. The first happens soon some place on Earth where there is a consistent danger of a bugger attack and having a third youngster is viewed as awful which made life significantly harder for Ender which was one of numerous reasons why he left to Battle School. The setting at that point moves to the spaceship which Battle School is on which doesn’t truly should be on a spaceship except if Orson Scott Card needed the spaceship to help with the sentiment of seclusion. As the story advances the setting moves to the planet Eros which is the place he will be battling the Buggers thinking he is simply in a recreation yet he is truly battling the Buggers. One subject that I saw all through the novel is the manner by which something little can speak to something so large like the game that they played in Battle School was a straightforward game however it was all that they had so it implied such a great amount to them. Another case of this topic is when Ender was in Command School dealing with the â€Å"simulator† and Ender saw the game as child’s play when as a general rule he was battling the genuine war without knowing. This book was intriguing toward the start in view of the way Orson Scott Card acquaints you with another existence where you have no clue about what is happening and gradually uncovers the setting as you have to learn it, not over-burdening you with data toward the start of the book yet not leaving you dumbfounded asking why something simply occurred. In general I thought the book took too long to even think about getting direct on specific events and I didn’t truly discover the plot intriguing which made it quite exhausting. I consider the possibility of Ender continually being toward adversaries more established than him or more various than him relatable in light of the fact that occasionally I have a feeling that I am constantly overlooked when I request a later sleep time on the grounds that both of my folks look down on me since I am youthful. The completion was extremely fascinating when he discovered that he simply vanquished the Buggers without knowing and felt remorseful yet when he got to the Bugger’s planet he found the pupa and was attempting to locate another home for it.

Hostel Implementation Free Essays

string(48) this number in certain lodgings of Andhra Pradesh. Assessment Study on Construction of Hostels For SC Boys Girls ALL INDIA (REPORT) Program Evaluation Organization Planning Commission, New Delhi, April, 2009 CONTENTS Chapters Topic Preface Executive Summary Chapter †1 Introduction †Background of the Scheme †Objective of the Scheme †Guidelines for Initiating Hostel Proposal †Procedure for getting Central Assistance †Evaluation Study †The Scheme in Selected States Page No. I-II I-xiii 1â€2 Chapter †2 The Evaluation Study †Objectives Methodology †Objective of the Study †Sample Design †Reference time of the Study and Starting of field overview †Methodology/Instruments utilized for Data Collection †Data Analysis and Report Writing 3â€6 Part †3 Planning, Implementation Monitoring Method of Scheme †Role of Nodal Ministry †Role of State Nodal Department †The Level at which Proposals Initiated †The Approval Procedures of the Scheme †The Process of Implementation of the Schemes in the State opposite General Guidelines †Achievements of Physical Targets †Role of PRIs/Local Bodies under the Scheme in Construction Maintenance of the Hostels †Local Political/Bureaucratic Interference in Selection of Hostel Sites †Objective Criteria for Selecting the Location of Hostel †Inspection by State/District Administrative Authorities †Involvement/Role of NGOs †The Monitoring and Reporting System Prevailing under this Scheme, Including the Construction Stage 7 †19 Chapter †4 Allocation of Grants and Expenditure on Hostel 20 †27 †Funding Pattern under the Scheme †Modality of Release of Fund †Release of State Share †Release of Central Shar e †Utilization of reserve Part †5 Functioning and Suitability of Hostels including Facilities 28 gave to Inmates 49 †The Suitability of Locations †Layout of Construction in Case of New Hostels †Use of Hostels Constructed under the Scheme †Availability, Quality Maintenance of Facilities Provided in the Hostel †¢ Dining Hall cum Kitchen in the Hostel †¢ Food Provided to the Inmates and its Quality †¢ Annual Charges Paid in the Hostel †¢ Maintenance of Hostel Toilets †¢ Water Supply to the Hostels †¢ Supply of Food grains at Concessional Rates to SC Hostels †Facilities Provided to the Inmates †The Role of Nodal Department in Management and Maintenance of the Hostels Chapter †6 Observations on the Impact of the Scheme †The Outcomes of the Scheme in Terms of Availability and employments of the Hostel by the Target Group †Impact of Scheme on Educational Development of SC Boys and Girls 2001 Census 50 †55 Chapter †7 Recommendat ions Project Team 56-57 58 PREFACE The Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) of development of new lodgings just as extension of existing inns for SC young ladies was started in 963-64 in order to give a stimulus to training of young ladies having a place with the SC people group. During 1989-90, in light of the suggestions of the Working Group on the Development and Welfare of SCs and STs, this plan was stretched out to SC young men moreover. We will compose a custom paper test on Lodging Implementation or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The extent of the plan was developed further to cover establishments of advanced education/learning, for example, schools and colleges. The principle goal of the CSS is to give free boarding and housing offices in the lodgings for SC young men and young ladies learning at Schools and Colleges/University levels. So as to incorporate the SC understudies with the standard, 10 percent of complete settlement in such inns was left for non-SC understudies. At the occasion of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, the Program Evaluation Organization, Planning Commission, led an assessment investigation of the plan in 8 chose states. The investigation was propelled in November, 2004 with the accompanying goals: (I) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) To contemplate the endorsement strategies of the proposition for development of lodgings. To consider the procedure of execution of the plan in different States opposite the rules. To evaluate budgetary physical execution of the plan. To evaluate the degree of usage of inn offices by the objective gathering. To contemplate the observing announcing framework winning under this plan, including that at development stage. To evaluate the result of the plan as far as the utilization of the inns by the objective gatherings. So as to create the necessary information base the investigation secured 185 inns from CSS, 65 inns from 100 percent state subsidized and 15 inns built by NGOs which were tested from Eight chose states, to be specific, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. In addition, two Central Universities (JNU-Delhi and Central University, Hyderabad) were additionally canvassed in the examination. The principle discoveries of the examination are as per the following: The development organization much of the time was the state PWD which took up development work through affirmed contractual workers. The lodgings, after finishing, were given over to the concerned District Social Welfare Officer in a large portion of the states. The Panchayati Raj Institutions/neighborhood bodies assumed next to no job in many states. The visit of the region authorities to the inns either during the development time frame or later was easygoing in many states . The time taken in arrival of the state offer to development offices differed impressively from state to state from two months to a half year or significantly progressively after the arrival of focal offer. Around 80 percent of the lodgings were discovered utilitarian at the hour of visit of PEO’s study group. The vast majority of the non-practical lodgings were in Uttar Pradesh. Though Bihar had three such inns followed by Karnatka and Orissa which had two each. This was because of nonappearance I of fundamental necessity/conveniences, wrong determination of site and without evaluating the requirement for SC understudies around there. Around 6 percent of the inns were found being utilized for different purposes, for example, office, library, study halls and so on. Every one of these inns were in Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Fifteen inns in five states to be specific Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh were under development at the hour of visit of the examination group to these lodgings. Out of these 15, in six cases, the development had been halted because of land debates on account of Uttar Pradesh and because of limitation of assets in Karnataka. Inns were stuffed in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Rajasthan where normal inhabitance per room surpassed 10 and upto 30 or even past this number in certain inns of Andhra Pradesh. You read Lodging Implementation in class Papers On the other hand, inns in Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, were underutilized. In the lodgings under 8 areas of Uttar Pradesh and 8 locale of Bihar, prisoners themselves prepared food in their rooms as the worker cum cook delegated for the reason for existing were accounted for to be conveyed somewhere else by the specialists. In practically all the lodgings, upkeep of inn building and toilets was inadmissible. 90 percent inn Wardens announced that the arrival of reserve for compensation of lodging staff was gotten in time. Be that as it may, award for meeting everyday support consumption was in time just in56 percent cases. The plan had noteworthy result regarding foundation of inns in three states just in particular Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Different states I. e. Orissa and Rajasthan didn't exploit the plan while the plan completely slumped in Bihar with irrelevant impact. In general, the lodgings profited the objective gathering of poor SC/ST understudies seeking concentrates from significant distances. However, the result in Bihar has been poor. The exhibition of the program could significantly be improved if the recommendations made in the report could be reasonably executed. The examination got ceaseless help and support from Hon’ble Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission and Member (Evaluation), Planning Commission. The examination was planned and led under the course of Shri K. N. Pathak, the then Deputy Adviser in PEO. The administrations of Institute for Resource Management and Economic Development, Delhi were benefited for classification, understanding and examination of information and readiness of report. Shri L. N. Meena, Economic Officer, PEO helped the examination establishment in Data preparing, Chapter Plan, Tabulation report drafting under the direction of Project Director Sh. K. N. Pathak. Dr. R. C. Dey, Director, PEO gave a last shape to the current report and Mrs. Godhuli Mukharjee, Director, REO, Kolkata altered the equivalent under direction of Dr. Davendra Verma, Adviser (PEO) and my management. The rundown of the Officers associated with the examination is given toward the finish of the report. The assistance and collaboration got from every one of them is thankfully recognized. S. Bhavani Sr. Adviser(PEO) New Delhi Dated: April, 2009 II Executive Summary I. †¢ Background Objectives of the Scheme Development of lodgings inside or close to the grounds of instructive foundations was pictured by organizers as one of the way to empower and energize young men and young ladies having a place with Scheduled Castes(SC) people group to improve access to training. Legislature of India, accordingly, began the Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) of development of new lodgings just as extension of existing inns for SC young ladies in 1963-64 in order to give an impulse to instruction of young ladies having a place with the SC people group. During 1989-90, in light of the suggestions of the Working Group on the Development and Welfar

In the spirit of graduation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

In the spirit of graduation COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You already know that SIPA students work hard, but did you know that we play hard too? SIPA students enjoy our cocktails (in moderation, of course) so when the admissions staff asked me to write a lighthearted post to celebrate our graduation this week.   I created these signature cocktails based on SIPA’s concentrations. Urban Social Policy (USP) a SIPA Manhattan Inspired by the best city in world, with some international flavor. 3/4 oz Martini and Rossi sweet vermouth (Italian) 2 1/2 oz Mogul Monarch Indian Whiskey 1 dash Angostura ® bitters (Invented in Venezuela, manufactured in Trinidad and Tobago) 1 maraschino cherry 1 twist orange peel Human Rights (HR) This drink is a modified version of a cocktail known as a Genocide. (The things I google for this blog.) Besides having a terribly offensive name, the drink sounds disgusting. I changed some ingredients to mitigate the awfulness of the genocide, which is what our HR concentrators do! 2 oz. Vodka 2 oz. Cherry brandy 2 oz. Amaretto Di Saronno 2 oz. White rum fill With Lemon/Lime Soda To Taste Sour mix Energy and Environment (EE)   Red Bull (Energy) and Gin (Botanical for the Environment) Proportions to taste. Economic Political Development (EPD)   Shooter, modified version of a Southern Palm .2 oz Everclear .4 oz Peppermint Schnapps .4 oz Drambuie Liqueur International Security Policy (ISP) This is actually really good, it tastes like a peach Jolly Ranger Ice Seagram’s Gin Peach Schnapps Add club soda to taste International Finance and Economic Policy (IFEP)   Also known as a glitter bomb. I thought a cocktail based around a Swiss liquor with flakes of gold in it was fitting for our finance friends. Plus the energy drink can help you stay up all night studying advanced econ! A single shot of Goldschlagger dropped into a glass of Red Bull. Please enjoy your concentration responsibly and congratulations to all my classmates! -courtesy of Nancy Leeds, SIPA MPA 2013 graduate and blogger extrodinaire

Jamie Batenhorst Is Titled As A “Human Resource Generalist”

Jamie Batenhorst is titled as a â€Å"Human Resource Generalist† at Buckle’s corporate office. Through an interview, I was able to understand a bit more about the human resources department at Buckle and get a quick glimpse into how their corporation is run. Buckle is a retail clothing company that originated in Kearney, Nebraska. The corporation as grown nationally, having over 400 retail stores around the United States. Because the company started as a small clothing store, many changes have been made over the years. Included in those changes was the addition of a human resources department, added only within last 5 years. Up until such time, individual human resource functions were handled in each department that they loosely related to. I†¦show more content†¦All too often, misunderstandings happen due to technology. So for Jaime, being able to interpret a situation and respond in a way that is easily readily is very important. Another big part of her job i s training of managers. She said that she is constantly making phone calls to managers around the country working on their skills. â€Å"Role playing,† is the term Jaime used to describe what she does with store managers. She said that far too often managers are placed in situations where they are unsure how to handle in a way that the Buckle Corporation would want them to. By presenting managers with situation and asking them â€Å"how would you handle this?† it keeps the managerial teams proactive. She also mentioned that twice a year, all managers are asked to please come to Kearney for a formal evaluation and training weekend called â€Å"manager meetings.† This gives the generalists a chance to meet everyone face to face and get a feel for what they are actually like as a manager, rather than continuously having phone conversations. I did ask if is difficult not being able to evaluate the managers in person and see how things are run. She assured me that th e steps they take to talk with employees and managers on the phone are a big help. At manager meetings, individuals are graded on how they interact with others, how they respond to situations and tough questions, and how they present themselves. This give the Buckle human resource team insight as to how they are running

The Hunger Games The Book and The Film Comparison Free Essay Example, 750 words

THE HUNGER GAMES Introduction The hunger games is a book written by Suzanne Collins, who is an American television writer and a novelist best known for her New York Times bestselling series. The under land Chronicles and the Hunger Games. Suzanne was born on August 10, 1962 in Hartford, Connecticut in the United States. She studied at the Alabama School of Fine Arts, Indiana University Bloomington and has many awards from her writing career one from her novel The Hunger Games (Collins, 7) The Hunger Games novel was published in Oct 1st, 2008 by Scholastic printers. The book has 27 chapters and 394 pages. It talks about terrifying times in the future where people are forced to participate in a reality TV show that is taking place known as The Hunger Games. The event is being recorded to be aired so as to benefit the organizers commercially. The book talks about twenty-four boys and girls that are forced to participate in the Hunger Games that are cruel. The rule of the games is you either kill or be killed. The sister of a 16 year old Katniss has been selected to participate in the 74th hunger games in the Capital, the heart of Panem which is a new land that rose from the ruins of a post-apocalyptic North America. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunger Games: The Book and The Film Comparison or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The citizen in this area had rebelled against the rulers and to punish them, they are required to produce representatives from each district to participate in the Hunger Games where they fight to death (Collins, 7) Katniss identifies this as a death sentence for her sister and steps forward to take her place in the hope of saving her younger sister’s life. She sacrifices her life for that of the sister and relies on her survival skills to make it despite her fear of dying. Around 4.3 million copies of the book were sold retailing from $10 to $19 in 2008. The sales 9.2 million copies in 2010 and tripled in 2012. The book was rated five stars by 5253 people out of 6899 who read it 764 gave it four stars; 319 rated it three stars 230 rated it two stars and 333 rated it 1 star. The overall rating was 4.5.President snow plays a bigger role in the film than in the book. The president appears in several scenes within the film than in the book discussing the games with Seneca and observes the joyful arrival of Katniss back to the district. The movie also leaves out some minor characters from the book. One of a character is a girl who helped Katniss when she was preparing for the games. She regrets having not saved her after she was labeled a traitor, and her tongue cut off in the book. This is however not brought out in the movie. Finally, the movie changes some of the scenes such as the murder of the Thresh by Cato after helping Katniss. The movie stages this as from wild dogs brought into the game by the organizers to help eliminate the participants. The book, however, puts Thresh’s murder as the work of Cato to help the author stage down the final show between Katniss and Cato. The movie the Hunger Games film was released in 2012 and was based on the novel. The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. The movie was directed by Gary Ross and produced by Nina Jacobson. The film has the same storyline as the novel apart from a few changes. The film takes place in Dystopian, which is a post-apocalyptic future in the nation of Panem same as the book. Girls and boys between the age of 12 and 18 participate in Hunger Games by fighting to death. The games are televised and end when only one participant remains. The film was released on March 21, 2012 in France and the US on March 23, 2012 in the IMAX theaters (Collins, 7)The film earned a gross of $67.3 million on the opening day and $152.5 million on the weekend. It remained in the first place at the North American box office for four consecutive weekends. It had a worldwide gross income of $691 million against its budget of $78 million making it the 3rd highest earning film in the US and 9th worldwide 7,434,058 DVDs of the film were sold making it the best-selling DVD in 2012. Out of 591,878 votes cast, the movie was rated 7.3/10. The changing of some of the scene is important for the visual form is important so as to captivate the people to watch the film. This helps to get more sales despite it being the same story that the people read in the book. As observed, the visual form of hunger games generated more gross income than the print form. The sales of the book are 4.3 million copies in the first year as compared to those of the DVD, which were 7,434,058 proving that people preferred the visual form of the same. Conclusion Both print and visual versions complement each other. For example, the visual version of hunger games led to the rise in sales of the print version. Therefore, both mediums should be well utilized to maximize sales and enable reach a large audience. Works Cited Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic, 2008. Print.

Our Mutual Friend Free Essays

Wider Reading Books Research: Name: Our Mutual Friend Author: Charles Dickens Synopsis: The multiple plots of Our Mutual Friend, Dickens’s last complete novel, twine around the miser John Harmon’s legacy of profitable heaps of refuse (â€Å"dust†). Harmon dies and leaves the dustheap operation to his estranged son John, on the condition that he marries Bella Wilfer, a young woman unknown to him. When a body found in the Thames is believed to be the younger Harmon, travelling home to receive his inheritance, the dustheaps descend instead to Harmon’s servant Noddy Boffin (â€Å"The Golden Dustman†). We will write a custom essay sample on Our Mutual Friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boffin and his wife respond to their new status by hiring Silas Wegg, a â€Å"literary man with a wooden leg† to teach Boffin to read; arranging to adopt an orphaned toddler from his poor great-grandmother; and bringing the socially ambitious Bella Wilfer into their home, where she is watched and evaluated by John Rokesmith, a mysterious young man employed as Boffin’s secretary. Rokesmith is actually John Harmon, who has survived betrayal and attempted murder and is living incognito so that he can observe Bella. Boffin’s negative transformation by his wealth, Bella’s moral awakening as she witnesses the changes wealth produces in Boffin and in herself, and the developing love relationship between Rokesmith and Bella form one key sub-plot. Another is the romance between gentlemanly idler Eugene Wrayburn and Lizzie Hexam, the daughter of the waterman who finds the drowned body. Class differences and the obsessive love and jealousy of schoolmaster Bradley Headstone threaten their relationship, but they are finally married with the help of the crippled dolls’ dressmaker Jenny Wren. The smaller plots that interweave these sensation/romance narratives comment on the hypocrisy of fashionable life (â€Å"Podsnappery†) and the destruction of the family lives of both rich and poor by an industrialized, materialistic society. Characters: John Harmon, Bella Wilfer, Noddy Boffin, Mrs Henrietta Boffin, Lizzie Hexam, Charley Hexam, Eugene Wrayburn. Themes: One of the most prevalent symbols in Our Mutual Friend is that of the River Thames, which becomes part of one of the major themes of the novel, rebirth and renewal. Water is seen as a sign of new life, used by churches during the sacrament of Baptism as a sign of purity and a new beginning. In Our Mutual Friend, it has the same meaning. Characters like John Harmon and Eugene Wrayburn end up in the waters of the river, and come out reborn as new men. Wrayburn emerges from the river on his deathbed, but is ready to marry Lizzie to save her reputation. Of course, he surprises everyone, including himself, when he survives and goes on to have a loving marriage with Lizzie. John Harmon also appears to end up in the river through no fault of his own, and when Gaffer pulls his â€Å"body† out of the waters, he adopts the alias of John Rokesmith. This alias is for his own safety and peace of mind; he wants to know that he can do things on his own, and does not need his father’s name or money to make a good life for himself. [29] Throughout Our Mutual Friend, Dickens uses many descriptions that relate to water. Some critics refer to this as â€Å"metaphoric overkill,† and indeed there are numerous images described by water that have nothing to do with water at all. [30] Phrases such as the â€Å"depths and shallows of Podsnappery,† [31] and the â€Å"time had come for flushing and flourishing this man down for good† [31] show Dickens’s use of watery imagery, and help add to the descriptive nature of the book. Historical Background: Our Mutual Friend was published in nineteen monthly numbers in the fashion of many earlier Dickens novels and for the first time since Little Dorrit (1855–7). A Tale of Two Cities (1859) and Great Expectations (1860–1) had been serialized in Dickens’s weekly magazine All the Year Round. Dickens remarked to Wilkie Collins that he was â€Å"quite dazed† at the prospect of putting out twenty monthly parts after more recent weekly serial. Our Mutual Friend was the first of Dickens’s novels not illustrated by Hablot Browne, with whom he had collaborated since The Pickwick Papers (1836–7). Dickens instead opted for the younger Marcus Stone and, uncharacteristically, left much of the illustrating process to his discretion. After suggesting only a few slight alterations for the cover, for instance, Dickens wrote to Stone: â€Å"All perfectly right. Alterations quite satisfactory. Everything very pretty† Stone’s encounter with a taxidermist named Willis provided the basis for Dickens’s Mr. Venus, after Dickens had indicated he was searching for an uncommon occupation (â€Å"it must be something very striking and unusual†) for the novel. How to cite Our Mutual Friend, Papers

Nature Vs. Nurture A Debate Within Psychology Example For Students

Nature Vs. Nurture : A Debate Within Psychology There s a debate within psychology about whether certain aspects of behavior are genetic or learned characteristics. Certain physical characteristics are genetic, like color of eyes, hair type, and skin color. Other things like driving, talking, or tying your shoes are learned. People wonder if personality and mental abilities are genetic or learned. There are good arguments for both the nurture, and nature side of these three issues: intelligence, personality, and homosexuality. The process of genetically inheritance is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Each cell in the body has 23 pairs of chromosomes and one chromosome from each pair is inherited from the mother and one from the father into the child. Mutations in the DNA code causes different forms of genes to appear in the offspring. People genetically inherit their facial features, some diseases, instincts, and some would argue their sexuality, personality, or intelligence. Sexual desires, along with sleeping and facial recognition, are said to be instincts. Learned traits are behavioral traits that a person is taught to have for their environment and survival needs. They re usually forced onto the person to improve survival or to fit in. The most accepted theory is that most of a person s behavior is a result of their environment. Instincts are known since birth and contradict some things that are thought to be a learned trait.According to Jennifer Smith in the article â€Å"Waking Up from the American Dream,† â€Å"One s intelligence, in a very real sense, is simply a matter of luck. One is born with it and can only gainMark 2so much through effort.† People relate someone innovative usually to have a high level ofintelligence. When background checks are given to the person the influences of nature versusnurture are brought up. The argument is whether intelligence is learned or is one born with theirintelligence. Today most psychologist recognized that human intelligence is formed by both genetic factors and their environm ent. Those who argue that intelligence is hereditary would say a who developed early skills quickly were born smart. They d say an average person wouldn t be able to achieve the greatness someone like Albert Einstein could. Evidence of genetic influences include: â€Å"Twin studies suggest that identical twins IQ s are more similar than those of fraternal twins† (Promin Spinath, 2004). and, â€Å"Siblings reared together in the same home have IQ s that are more similar than those of adopted children raised together in the same environment† (McGue others, 1993). The idea of nature in intelligence was strongly rejected by early modern philosophers. If two parents with very high IQs have a child with a very low IQ, it s most likely due to genetic mutation. There are many environmental influences that are said to influence intelligence, the biggest being family and education. If a child has a home life that encourages learning they usually are of higher intelligence than a child not in that type of home. A person s access to education also determines their intelligence level, and usually the more education they have the more intelligent they are. Anup Shah, in the article â€Å"Causes of Poverty,† on the website GlobalIssue, claims, â€Å"Children raised in poverty tend to miss school more often because of illness.† Nutrition affects intelligence throughout a human lifespan. Proper nutrition establishes aMark 3base for future intellectual development. Stress also plays a part in human intelligence. There smany prenatal factors that can cause developmental delays.The development of personality is another part of the nature versus nurture debate. The argument is whether personality traits are more hereditary than influenced by their environment. One s personality is their combination of qualities that make their character.It s often easy to see similarities between a child s personality and it s parents. But it seems that the child s personality has developed from it s parent s influences. Some people would say they got their short-temper from their parents or everyone in their family exhibits the same type of interests. It s hard to tell if the child s personality traits are influenced from being around their parents or are hereditary. In twin studies identical twins if environmental factors are the same, the only thing that can make identical twins more similar than fraternal twins is their greater genetic similarity. 40% of identical twins personality is hereditary. When children exhibit certain behaviors that neither parent demonstrates can be argued that nature plays a role in the development of the child s personality. When people are around another person a lot they tend to display traits that that other person displays. If a nice child is abused by a parent they can start to become more aggressive and violent later in their life. The United States government has spent billions in genetic research and the current evidence seem to show that we don t have genes for our personality. Personality is not determined by any single gene but by may genes working together. Even working together genes are not powerful enough to control or create one s personality. The genetic factors work with the environmental factors to create personality.Mark 4The debate about homosexuality and whether it s a result of nature or nurture has beengoing on for a long time. It has taken even greater importance now because it s become so widelydebated throughout the world . With some places making it legal for gay marriage and some places making it not legal. People are trying to fight for the homosexual s right to have the same rights and marriage benefits of a regular married couple. There s been compromises trying to give them some of the same rights but not all. Some people think homosexuality is a biological factor. They think it s as much of a choice as one s race is. They think nature is responsible for a person to become a homosexual. Some of the strongest evidence that people are born gay is based on the fraternal birth order effect. Researchers calculate that about 15 to 30 percent of gay men have the fraternal birth order effect. Several studies have shown that men with older biological brothers are likelier to be gay than men with older sisters or no older siblings. The likelihood of being gay increases by 33 percent with each older brother. Scientist haven t been able to prove much else for the reason some people may be homosexual. Some people claim no one would choose to be gay and go through all the ridicule they go through. With such an anti-homosexual society they d rather be straight, but they cannot control who they develop feelings for and who they find attractive.Other people believe homosexuality is a choice or the result o f something negatively affecting a p erson. Some say sexual orientation is not like an instinct. People become homosexual through life experiences and the influences around them. Some homosexuals admit to figuring out they rather be in bed with a man over a women later in life through their own experiences. Some people believe homosexuals have the choice to leave the lifestyle. They say dating andMark 5marriage doesn t magically happen and that we choose the life we want to live and who we wantto live that life with. Some people think others become homosexual if they re raped as a boy.Those people say being homosexual is all about the sex. The nurture versus nature arguments for most topics are very controversial and both don t really have any proof to say whether one is right over the other. One might have more information, or make a bigger argument than the other but there s no proof to prove the other wrong. For me it s hard to choose a side in any of these arguments. It s hard to choose a side when there s not any 100% proof the other is wrong. My opinions lead towards the nurture side for most of the topics. Nature vs Nurture don t have exact proof for the other to be wrong but both pose a good stance and argument against the other.

A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay Example

A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay Example A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay A Look at Victimization in Lolita Essay introduces the story; Lolita, or the Confession of a White Widowed Male,(Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 3) as written by a middle-aged European pedophile named Humbert Humbert. The essentials of this title immediately strike you as controversial considering that a lolita is a promiscuous young girl and a confession is an admission of ones sins. Hum is viewed as the victimizer by others, but views himself as the victim. He blames Lolita for his disposition, but also feels responsible for causing Lolita so much pain. How can a twelve-year-old girl have so much power over an adult? Who is the victim and who is the victimizer? In the following essay this topic of discussion will be examined thoroughly as we explore Humbert and his love interest, Lolita. The novel is written in first person narrative which creates a pragmatic depiction of Humbert; an obsessive, disillusioned and deviant character. He is full of contradictions and says I knew I had fallen in love with Lolita forever; but I also knew she would not be forever Lolita. (Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 7) which meant that he was conscious of the situation he was entering, however he made an excuse for himself to ease his conscious. In part one, you are taken back in time to Hums childhood where you are introduced to his Howell 2 childhood sweetheart, Annabelle. It then becomes evident that his obsession with Lolita started with Annabelle. He was hau nted by the memories of his lost love, therefore the only way to kill Hums pain was to incarnate Annabelle with another. Upon meeting Lolita, Humbert immediately recognizes the similarity between the two. Lolita was a fatal consequence of that princedom by the sea in my tortured past. (Nabokov, Vladmir Lolita, 11) Humbert becomes obsessed with Lolita, this obsession is displayed through his actions, behavior, dialect and need for total control. Humbert manipulates and controls Lolita, as well as others in the novel and even the reader, exhibited by directly addressing them as his jury. Humbert rationalizes with the reader about his obsession with Lolita, manipulating them into thinking he is mentally ill and does not know that his actions are wrong. This is precisely what his plan is; to get the readers to sympathize with him. Humbert starts his manipulation with Lolitas mother, Charlotte, who falls madly in love with him. He recognizes the opportunity to take advantage of Charlottes endearment for him and decides to trick Charlotte into thinking that he is in love with her and marries her to stay close with Lolita. However he does not succeed in doing this because Charlotte is jealous of the affection Lolita receives from Humbert. He successfully ridicules Charlotte for example, as a representative middle class american uffoon but he fails to see that her very inadequacines expose him as well. In some ways Charlotte is very much like Humbert. Charlottes hopeless passion for Humbert for example parallels Humbert for Lolita. Despite Humberts ridicule ,Charlottes romantic feelings are not so different from his, belying his claims that his ecstasies are special. (Wallace, Howell 3 4:2493-2494) Charlotte is very selfish, materialis tic and easily influenced by media. Charlotte Haze has her perceptions and her mode of expression shaped by soap operas, psychoanalysis and cheap novelettes. Humbert is familiar with the patterned experiences and cliched phraseology of these forms and is able to use his knowledge to deceive Charlotte. (Winston, 4:2487) As a writer, Humbert is able to use his literary skills to create Charlottes perfect romantic fantasy, enabling him to be intimate with Lolita without Charlotte noticing. Eventually Charlotte becomes jealous when the majority of Hums attention is directed to Lolita and sends her to summer camp, with proceeding plans to send her to boarding school when she returns home. When Charlotte reveals er plans, Humberts obsession with Lolita comes to an extreme when he considers killing Charlotte for the sole purpose of being next to Lolita. Ironically, Charlottes jealousy leads her to find out the truth of Humberts feelings towards Lolita and in an attempt to expose him for the pedophile he really is, it struck by a vehicle and killed.? Lolita is much like her mother in her fondness for Humbert. Her admiration for him is visible th roughout the book. For example, Lolita has various scribbling and doodles of the two of them together on the walls of her room and the cliched DL HH, enclosed in a heart, carved into her headboard. She also make her adoration evident by the affection she displays. She never leaves his side when they are together and is very flirtatious with him. When Humbert picks Lolita up from Summer Camp after her mothers death, Lolita informs Humbert that she had been unfaithful to him by experimenting sexually with a boy from camp. Lolita is seemingly mature for her age, and is referred to by Humbert as a nymphet. This allegation proves true by her promiscuity at camp Howell 4 and her vampish behavior. Humbert shares with us that he was not at fault in his relationship with Lolita and that it was her who seduced him. This could very easily be regarded as truth due to the path of action she takes. For example, in the Enchanted Hunters hotel room the morning after she returns from camp Lolita questions Humberts past relationships and asks him if he has ever had sex as a child. When he answers no, she proceeds to copulate with him. Humbert states that, for her, sex was just another activity between children, unconnected to what adults do behind closed doors. Lolita likes to play on Humberts emotions, she will intentionally tease him then push him away when he gets close. She often contradicts her actions by threatening to tell the police that Humbert raped her after having sex with him. Lolita constantly hurts Humbert with her indifference and rebuffs him when he pleads for her affection. Humbert often buys gifts for Lolita as an attempt to keep her interested in him. Humbert eventually comes to realize that his continual sexual activity with Lolita has given her an impression that attracts other men and boys. He ries to prevent Lolita from having any other interaction with the male species, and allows Lolita to interact with other girls her age and participate in select activities like horseback riding, tennis and theater in exchange for sexual favors. Humbert often bribes Lolita with money in exchange for intercourse. Humbert emphasizes to Lolita that if she turns him in for rape she will become a ward of the state and be enrolled in t he state-run reformatory school. His desire for Lolita is so strong that he neglects her feeling as a human being, keeping her just content enough to still want intercourse with him. Lolita is very deviant and is able to convince Humbert to take her away on a road trip to Howell 5 wherever she wants to go. He assumes that she just wants to be with him and agrees, little does he know that Lolita has planned to escape him and elope with another man. Lolitas theatrical experience makes it easy for her to deceive Humbert. He observes a man, which seemed to be following them on their journey, but dismisses it for a hallucination. Lolita had been in contact with the man the whole time her and Humbert were traveling. Lolita soon convinces Humbert that she is ill and is taken to a hospital. Humbert decides to stay in a motel close to the hospital, and when he returns to retrieve Lolita, he is informed that she had already been checked out by another relative. This whole plot Lolita had planned provides useful information about her character, taking on the assertion that she had manipulated Humbert into thinking that she was in love with him. Deceiving him so that he would not be suspicious of her other lover. This proves that Lolita was the more manipulative of the two in a romantic setting. Although Lolita had toyed with Hums emotions and pretended to love him, she could have suffered from adolescent bipolar disorder, but was never diagnosed with it. Lolita had almost all of the common symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder; marked irritability, frequent mood swings, impulsivity, restlessness, silliness, aggressive behavior, rages and explosive temper tantrums, oppositional behavior, grandiosity, hypersexuality, confusion, manipulative behavior, bossiness, lying, and depressed moods. While there is continuing debate over the validity of the diagnosis of mania in hildren, since 1994 a number of systematic clinical investigations and family/ genetic studies have begun to shed light on the presentation and naturalistic course of childhood-onset bipolar disorder, suggesting a developmentally different Howell 6 presentation in young children as compared to its adult form. Adult-onset and juvenile-onset forms of BPD have certain similar features and comorbidities in common, but in the juvenile form of the disorder, the complexities wrought by the frequent overlap of symptoms with other disorders that are far more commonly iagnosed in childhood has had a confounding affect on clinical diagnostic practice for years. (Papolos, Cockerham, Hennen) If she had had this disorder, it could explain why she had been back and fourth with Humbert. She was often irritated with him and often had mood swings after intercourse. Given this information about Lolita were true, it would be in irony that Humbert was suffering from an illness of the same type, trying to make the reader believe that he was indeed mentally ill. Some may think that Humberts relationship with Lolita would be the primary cause of her bipolar nature. However, Lolita displayed signs of adolescent bipolar disorder far before their first sexual encounter. In spite of Lolitas voiced desire for Humbert, Humbert should not have exploited Lolita either. He knew from the beginning that his feeling for her were wrong. Although pedophilia remains illegal, and our culture still considers it morally wrong, recent changes in the APAs own diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) have reopened the discussion of the psychological dimension of pedophilia. History of the Diagnosis. In the DSM-III, the American Psychiatric Association contended that merely acting upon ones rges toward children was considered sufficient to generate a diagnosis of pedophilia. (Rind) Howell 7 The years after Lolita left were spent being studied by psychologists in various sanitariums for not only the exploitation of young girls, but the Murder of Claire Quincy, Lolitas other Lover. Humbert would have then been labeled a pedophile and received medical help to cure him. However, he also exhibited severe skitzotypical behavior, therefore making it near impossible to diagnose him. He would purposely take on symptoms he did not have, make up illusions, and lie about dreams and thoughts he had, causing a falsified diagnostic. Instead of accepting that he had an illness, Humbert wanted to keep his and Lolitas affair sacred. He may have also had a personality complex which is exhibited in his paranoia and fits of rage, which would explain why he killed Quincey so violently. In conclusion, both Humbert and Lolita were possible victims of mental illness which would have caused them to behave out of the normal character. Each one abused the other, Humbert in pursuing and obsessing over Lolita and Lolita in encouraging Humberts desires for her and making him think that it was acceptable to do so. Humbert really did love Lolita, despite the relationships immorality and was extremely hurt when he had found out that Lolita left him for another man. Humbert is the hero with the tragic flaw. Humbert is every man who is driven by desire, wanting his Lolita so badly that it never occurs to him to consider her as a human being, or as anything but a dream-figment made fleshwhich is the eternal and universal nature of passion.

Effect of the railroads on the United states essays

Effect of the railroads on the United states essays There were numerous revolutionary inventions that contributed to the giant leap made by some nations during the Industrial Revolution. From inventions in the textile industry to inventions in transportation, these many innovations played a central role in the rise of the industrial nations. Among the significant inventions that contributed foremost to the rise of nations such as the United States, the railroad stands out. The railway system originated in the European nation, England, which had a dense population confined to a small geographic area. This was not the situation in the United States; however, this did not stop the railroad from reaching the Americas in the early 1800s. Unlike the railroad system in England, which was allotted a large budget and which had relatively little land to cover, railroads in America had to meet the demands of a population that was greatly dispersed across larger distances. They had to meet this goal on a limited budget. Though railroad companies experienced remarkable success in both situations, they were especially successful in the young United States. Before the Civil War, and even in the era that followed, the railway system played an important role in the transportation, expansion and economy of the United States. Before the introduction of the railroad into American society, transportation across land was slow and dangerous. Railroads carried more goods and people across larger distances at a much faster rate of speed than any other method of transportation that existed at that time. The confines of the railroad car protected goods and travelers from the turbulence of the changing weather and terrain, as well as from the dangerous animals and criminals that might be encountered along its trails. In only 60 years, the United States railway system expanded from a minor 23 miles of track to an estimated 166,703 miles of track. This expansion made transportation cheaper. With th...

Weekly assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Weekly assignment 7 - Essay Example In his time he participated in several non- violent protests for combating racial inequality. In this letter he tries to defend his perception about the ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ laws and his non-violent protests. In his letter he quotes different leaders and even Jesus Christ in order to make his views and argument strong and sound. Luther’s this quotation has a deep meaning to it. It says that any non- violent movement needs a systematic approach in order to cure the disease that one fights for. His first step ‘collection of the facts’ suggests his approach to deal things. In order to make one’s protest and non – violent fight sound and reasonable one has to collect the facts about the existence of injustice and the limits of it. This approach also defines the approach of a well learned man that is fighting for a cause, a cause that is carried out by non- violent intentions. After detecting that injustice does exist, the second step ‘negotiation’ suggests that one has to arrive at an agreement after having a clear understanding of things and opposed party. This step helps one to conclude that what is the basic need that one is striving for and what is the basic motif with which one wants to move forward. Thirdly ‘self – purification’seems to be the most vital step that suggests that one has to do internal personal sacrifices that are needed for the sake of growth and development. It says that self – purification is one way through which human can achieve the target need. Lastly ‘direct action’ is the last step that he suggests. In this step he does not mean ‘brutal acts’ or ‘bloodshed’ activities but ‘non – violent’ intentions and activities because according to him non – violent acts carry a deeper meaning and message for the target audience. Luther also defends his last step ‘direct action’ by saying: non- violent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster

Film Michael Collins Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Michael Collins - Movie Review Example Collins, one of those who participated as a foot soldier in the rebellion, was captured after the crushing of the Easter Rebellion. However, he was released and began carrying out and played an important role in revitalizing the armed resistance. He pioneered urban guerrilla warfare. He established a grassroots army of volunteers made up of young idealists and poor workers to fight for freedom. Others acted as an intelligence network that looked for information to expose British informers and spies, Irishmen who by working for the British were seen as traitors to the cause of national independence. This basic formula of forming an informal army, acting in small effective and closely-knit teams, consisting of poor and marginalized idealists, most of them young, who then used violence, force, and fear to intimidate an overwhelmingly powerful and organized ruling government, has been copied by later rebel leaders and Marxist revolutionary thinkers, notably Che Guevara and Carlos Marighella. Collins realized that attacking an organized force on the latter's own terms characterized by larger numbers and superior firepower would be futile. Having small forces attacking specific targets with impunity and relying on precise information would, and proved to be, more effective. What resulted were years of brutal violence. However, instead of pressuring the British to capitulate, there would be an escalating spiral of death and conflict, leading to the formation and growth in size and power of what would later become the Irish Republican Army (IRA). This background of violence, brutality, and revenge is the basis of the troubles that continue to wreck Northern Ireland and has served as the inspiration for terrorist groups that endanger the world to this day. The film showed that while Collins deep in his heart was not in favor of brutal violence to achieve the noble end of freedom for which he fought, he found it the best way to catch attention and increase the popular support for their cause. In retaliation to the Irish's guerrilla tactics, every act was met with greater impunity by the British Army, which in turn had a legitimate reason of its own for suppressing an armed rebellion of what it believed to be a part of the United Kingdom. Realizing that violence was not a long-term solution but was becoming part of a problem that was becoming bigger, Collins showed his willingness to compromise after the British agreed to allow the Irish to establish a political party that legitimately participated in the British parliament. This strategy of legitimizing rebellious groups by making them participate in the democratic mainstream has likewise been used by nations to diffuse violence and allow due process to take its course. But it was short-lived, as the newly-elected Sinn Fein party representatives changed their minds and declared independence for Ireland, organizing the IRA to counteract British efforts to suppress the rebellion. This turned out to be the cause of his downfall, because as his power within the independence movement grew, his comrades

Case Study: An English Language Learner

Case Study: An English Language Learner Introduction Second Language Acquisition (SLA) or L2 (language 2) acquisition refers to the process by which a person learns a second language, in addition to their first language (L1). Although it is referred to as SLA, it applies not only to the acquisition of a second language but a third and fourth also, covering any other language apart from the first (Stefà ¡nsson, 2013). The purpose of this case study is to provide a holistic depiction of an L2 English language learner relative to topics such as educational and cultural background, language learning experiences, language learning preference, the status of English in the learners home language as well as the extent to which the learner identifies with being bilingual/multilingual. This case study will draw upon the learners own experience while including relevant theories and literature. Finally, I will conclude this case study by making recommendations on any future developments the learner can make based on their own experience, my analysis of their language as well as drawing on relevant literature. For ethical reasons the learner will be referred to as Jane from here on. Jane is a 22-year-old Aston University student; living in Birmingham, West Midlands with her parents, who are both teachers, and her two siblings. Currently studying Sociology and International Relations, Jane enjoys reading novels in her spare time while holding down a part time job as a Waitress. English is one of three languages spoken by Jane. The first being Urdu, the language used to communicate with her parents and family back in her home country of Pakistan. English is used most commonly, used for daily life at university, work and occasionally at home but only with her two siblings. Lastly, French, which has been picked up as a third language. Jane Doe classes herself as an intermediate French speaker. Having taken a placement year in 2016, she has had the opportunity to develop her French while teaching English to learners in France for a year. Learners Background Although Jane is technically considered an L2 leaner she speaks English as a native speaker would, as well as understanding the grammatical and structural rules of English language, she is well versed in linguistic features such as idiomatic expressions and acronyms. Born in Lahore, Pakistans second largest city, she came to Britain at a young age with no proficiency in English language, neither spoken nor written. By the IELTS speaking band descriptors, Jane was a band one with no relatable English, unable to communicate. At the time the education system in Lahore only required children to start learning English in year 6, which meant she had not had the opportunity to learn English at school as she left in year 4. As English was not spoken in her home, she came Birmingham with only the ability to communicate in her home dialect, Urdu. Coming to Britain at such a young age gave Jane a slight edge when learning English as she found she picked things up a little quicker than if she ha d relocated at an older age. It is very common for primary schools in Birmingham to provide English language assists in primary education due to the high number of migrant families something along this lineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Fortunately, her primary school teacher had a teaching assist who happened to speak her dialect, this greatly aided her English language acquisition, as she had someone who could break down the difficult grammar and vocabulary in a language she understood. As English was not spoken in her home, school was her only medium for learning English and this support system not only improved her English but also her confidence, the ability to interact with native speakers drove her passion to want to learn English. She quickly found herself watching television programmes in English and reading English books. By the time she left primary school at 11, she was fluent in English. After two years of schooling and a combination of English language lessons, her English was already at an advanced level. Generally young learners have more of a positive attitude towards SLA and are highly motivated. Despite studies showing motivation in young learners beginning very high and decreasing over time (Nikolov and Djigunovic 2006), English has become somewhat of a passion for Jane. Although it was a necessary tool for her early years, she thoroughly enjoyed studying English Language and Literature at GCSE and A Level and plans to pursue a higher education programme in English Literature in the future. Effects of Bilingualism Most of the worlds population is multilingual. Two thirds of children globally are brought up in bilingual environments (Crystal, 1997). It is important to consider a learners environment when trying to form a well-rounded analysis of their L2, especially as a bilingual learner as there are more factors to consider. While bilingualism has not proven to have inherent negative effects on language development, there are many variables that affect a bilingual childs progress. These variables include the context in which language is learned, parental attitudes towards bilingualism, the status of the language(s) in the community and the socio-cultural context surrounding the childs growth (Bialystok, Majumder and Martin, 2003). The general encouragement a child receives while learning English as a second language tends differ per learner and their background. Regardless, a positive outcome is more likely to result from the encouragement and respect shown not only towards the second languag e but also the native dialect. Both factor and play an important role in a childs development and attitude towards language (Bialystok, 2008). SPEAK ON HER PARENTS BILINGUALISM ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENGLISH AT HOME AND IN HOME COUNTRY HOW TO THIS AFFECTED HER LEARNING ENGLISH Research Methodology Identify errors first then explain them Data collection is often used to set the direction and boundary for a study. Several factors are considered before data collection begins, including but not limited to: setting a time frame for collecting data (for this case study I only needed an afternoon as the interview took 25 minutes), deciding what type of participant is needed (an English language learner), and a location (Bryman, 2012). As the learner is also a student at Aston University, the interview took place in a private room in the university library. The primary aim of this case study is to devise a well-rounded representation of an English language learner, to do this effectively the planning and completion of an interview with a learner, was essential. Research shows that one of the most flexible and widely used methods of gaining information about a persons experience, feelings and views is through an interview (Oxford Journals, 2016). Interviews are a qualitative approach to data collection; they are one of several methods used to understand the underlying motivations and reasons behind a topic, to gain an insight into a problem or develop a hypothesis. Qualitative methods differ slightly, notably by analysis as opposed to collection. The analysis of quantitative methods employ more of a numerical approach to quantifying a problem, the data is usually transformed into useable statistics which is not a necessity for this study. Dr Nathan Page, a professor at Aston University, organised the pairing of learners. To make the process fair, several names of learners were placed into a hat and I picked a name at random. Prior to my interview I completed an ethics form as well as preparing the questions I planned to ask my learner. As the University Ethics Committee requires all research involving human subjects to submit ethics forms for review, my form had to be approved before I could progress with the interview. This also ensures my research meets the standards of ethical research expected by the University. My interview took place in week 11 of the first term in the 2016/17 academic year. In preparing for my interview I considered some of the ethical issues which could arise from my research such as; the sensitivity behind subject matters, the English proficiency levels of my learner and any discomfort that may arise during the interview. I recorded the interview for research purposes so I also had to conside r any issues which may result from this. To protect the learner, I addressed these issues by expressing their right to anonymity further emphasised with the use of a pseudonym throughout this case study. The recording was taken on a password protected device, not shared and will be deleted as soon as this research is completed. Their right to withdraw was made clear to the learner verbally and on a consent form, along with the other rights, which she signed prior to the interview. Taking point from Mann (2011) I ensured greater focused remained on myself during the interview, by influencing the learners responses to a certain extent I could effectively control the direction of the interview while still giving the learner flexibility to elaborate her answers. This minimised the risk to my safety while remaining mindful of the learner. Using co-construction, I could elicit certain details which were of relevance to my analysis that otherwise, may not have been obtained. Learners Educational Background I would classify Jane a sequential bilingual, Jane began learning English with a high proficiency in Urdu. Jane, Pakistan born, began her education in Lahore the countrys second largest city. The primary education system was slightly different in pre-2002 with English being introduced into the curriculum from year 6, as opposed to recent years where English has been taught to school children at a much earlier age (Coleman and Capstick, 2012). In Janes case learning English was an immediate priority once she arrived in England. During our interview Jane Doe talks about coming to England in 2002 with her family although her parents had relocated years before for work purposes. At 8 and a half, with no prior knowledge of English, she recalls reading newpapers and watching the news to gage some sort of understanding of the language before starting school. Fortunately, upon starting school an English language teaching assistant was present, easing the transition was made easier as the TA spoke her home dialect, Urdu. As the curriculum was taught in English, the teaching assistant ensured Jane Doe did not fall behind in her studies by acting as a translator, while also helping with her English language acquisition. [LINK TO SOME SORT OF STUDY OF TEACHING ASSISTS IN AREAS OF HIGH IMMIGRATION] In her first-year of learning English, Jane had after school classes to improve her English language, these were often very informal with few specialised activities to target grammar. Reflecting an audiolingual approach to teaching which is based on the behaviourist theory of learning, these lessons focused on oral practice, repetition, pronunciation and communication. Janes language teacher adopted more of a communicative approach teaching, which is reflected in the way she speaks today. Communicative language teaching aims to educate the learner on communicative competency as opposed to grammatical competency (Richards, 2006). Jane vividly recalls these lessons focusing more on vocabulary and helpful phrases. While they were helpful, she found her strength in language acquisition came mostly from watching English or Asian programmes with English subtitles or reading books and newspapers. As indicated by Altenaichinger (2003), CLT has been highly favoured by teachers over the past 2 0 years, scholars have also agreed because of the central focus on the learner and CLTs emphasis on communicative proficiency in teaching. In the early 2000s English was not as widely spoken in Pakistan, she found it difficult to rely on her parents for assistance as they had only began learning English two years prior and had little knowledge to help. Research shows that children find it easier to learn a second language as they are still learning the mechanics of their first language, they have not yet developed the advanced elements of grammar and still use simpler syntax making the standard fluency much lower (The Telegraph, 2013). Jane took it upon herself to learn English, she explains although it was necessary for school she genuinely enjoyed reading and still does, she frequently reads books and articles to improving her lexis. the extent to which the learner identifies with being bilingual/multilingual Analysis of Learners English As Jane acquired English through a largely unstructured approach, I will begin her language analysis by using Ellis and Barkhuizens (2005) Error Analysis (EA). Error analysis is a very important area of SLA and foreign language learning (FLL) (Jabeen, 2015). It is typically a good first step in analysis due to its systematic nature and while errors are not always bad, they play a crucial part in the process of learning a language. The theoretical framework of analysis will mirror Corders (1974) classification of errors into four principle categories; addition, omission, selection and ordering. Consider the sample below, an extract taken from my interview with Jane: J A N E: So yeah just like erm at some point it was like I need to teach them how to do this but you know erm- I NT E R V I E W E R: -mhm hmm- J A N E: -I donno know how to do it myself because Ive just learnt it- I NT E R V I E W E R:- you just picked it up J A N E: -Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything erm speaking of grammar so it was just like you know we take it for granted that I can speak it but actually its really difficult to learn it, the English language, and I felt like that actually French was much easier to learn I NT E R V I E W E R: mhm hmm- J A N E: -than English was. _____________________________________________________________________________ Table 1 Lines 17 to 27 of Partial Transcription of Interview The sample of learner language in Table 1 was collected from a partial transcription of my brief and informal 25-minute interview with Jane, whose L1 is Urdu. It is important to consider these environmental factors when analysing the language. The sample was collected as part of this study, throughout the interview semi structured questions were used which allowed the learner to speak more freely. Some learners are exposed to different varieties of English language which differ from the standard dialect (Ellis, 1994). For example, in comparison with the norms of British standard English the utterance: Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything is perfectly normal and often considered a colloquial form of speech. However, grammatically speaking including really falls under the category of an addition. Dulay, Burt and Krashen (1982), as part of their surface strategy taxonomy of errors, define additions as the presence of an item that must not appear in well-formed utterances. With that said, it is important to note never really has become normalised in British spoken English, especially in younger generations. Therefore, I would class this as more of a mistake than an error. Generally, errors arise from lack of knowledge and competency, which doesnt seem to be the case here, rather a processing problem in which the learner has fallen back on an alternative, non-standard rule that they find easier to access. Mistakes are a regular feature of native-speaker speech and can arise for several reasons; memory limitations, competing plans or lack of automaticity. By the IELTS speaking band descriptors, Jane falls within the remit of a band 8 (British Council), communicating fluently with occasional repetition with little self-correction. Points are developed coherently and appropriately while sentences remain error-free with a few non-systematic mistakes which can be overlooked. Consider the sample below, an extract taken from my interview with Jane: J A N E: You know when you go to the shops or the malls, they all [Pakistan locals] speak their own language, but now that I go back its a lot more modernà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I do live in a city Im not from the village sideà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I live in the second biggest city of Pakistan so now that Ive been back its quite modern- I NT E R VI E W E R: -mhmm hmm J A N E: So you know people will er dress er in er a erm westernised wayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ its very westernised so they speak English as well in their everyday lives they, they speak English maybe with their parents as well- I N T E R V I E W E R: -mhmm hmm Table 2 Lines 44 to 53 of Partial Transcription of Interview This data is extracted from my informal interview with Jane using unstructured open interview questions. Lets consider ordering. Dulay, Burt and Krashen describe misordering as the incorrect placement of a morpheme or groups of morphemes in an utterance. While discussing the status on English in her home country, Jane says: But now that I go back its a lot more modern Taylor (1989) points out the reason for this error may be psycholinguistic, sociolinguistic, or epistemic. Psycholinguistic reasons are more to do with the learners knowledge of language and difficulties with producing this knowledge. Sociolinguistic sources stem from the learners ability to adjust their language with the social context. Epistemic reasons centre around result of lack of world knowledge. As the error is repeated: so now that Ive been back its quite modern It has been disregarded as a mistake and as such will be analysed as an error. Competency errors can happen for three reasons, Richards (1971) distinguishes these as; interference, intralingual and unique. Interference errors can occur as a result of the use of elements from one language while speaking another. It is quite possible Jane has transferred the rules of discourse from her L1, Urdu, as the morphemes may be arranged that way in an equivalent sentence. The interview took on a very informal structure, the conversation reflected that of two friends talking in a social context. Therefore, analysing her language proved quite difficult to some degree, Janes speech reflects a native and many of her mistakes or errors are a feature present in native language speech. USE MORE EXAMPLES J A N E: -not a lot of people spoke Englishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I N T E R V I E W E R: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦hmm Recommendations for Learner For language learners, I believe it is vital to be exposed to opportunities which allow them to explore language in a classroom and to practice it in a social context. The notion that language is learned by doing has been at the forefront of teaching for many years however it doesnt necessarily relate to all learners. Although studies show that children learn language best through imitations, games and singing, moving forward I feel the activities that would benefit Jane most are those which focus on grammar. In spoken discourse, her fluency and accuracy enable her to converse very well with native English speakers. However, she is keen to build up her vocabulary and improve the complexity of language. By improving her grammar, Jane should find it easier to form more complex sentences without too much hesitation. 6) Recommendations for learner (relate to any identified development needs/what specific activities would you recommend? Why? can be linked to theories/literature) Bibliography Bialystok, E. (2008). Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at an Early Age and the Impact on Early Cognitive Development. York University: Canada. Rev Ed Bialystok E, S. Majumder, MM. Martin. (2003). Developing Phonological Awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage? Applied Psycholinguistics; 24(1):27-44. British Council. https://takeielts.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/IELTS_Speaking_band_descriptors.pdf Bryman, A. (2012) Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Coleman, H. Capstick, T (2012). Language in Education in Pakistan https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/sites/teacheng/files/Language%20In%20Education%20in%20Pakistan.pdf Corder, S. P. (1974). Error Analysis. In J. P. B. Allen, S. Pit Corder (Eds.), Techniques in Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press. Crystal, D. (1997). English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press Dulay, H, M.Burt and S.Krashen. (1982). Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press Ellis, R (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press Ellis, R. Barkhuizen, G. (2005). Analysing Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jabeen, A (2015) PDF on Destop Mann, S. (2011) A Critical Review of Qualitative Interviews in Applied Linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 32(1) 6-24 Oxford Journals, 2016 http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/tropej/online/ce_ch14.pdf Richards, J. (1971). A non-contrastive approach to error analysis. English language teaching journal 25: 204-19 Richards, J. (2006). Communicative Language Teaching Today. New York: Cambridge University Press Skehan, P. (2001). Tasks and Language Performance Assessment in Bygate, M, Skehan, P and Swain, M (eds). Stefà ¡nsson, E. G. (2013). Second Language Acquisition: The Effect of Age and Motivation http://skemman.is/stream/get/1946/15018/35741/1/BA_EinarG.pdf The Telegraph, 2013 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationopinion/10315238/Are-children-really-better-at-foreign-language-learning.html Appendix 1 Partial Transcription of Interview Interviewer: what are your thoughts about the English Language, specifically what are the feelings towards English in your home language and is it spoken in comparison to other languages? Is not spoken at all? (.) like whats the kind of status of it? Jane: erm (.) I think we take it for granted because erm (.) I think like in terms of like learning the grammar and so on Ive seen how difficult it is teaching English myself in France I: mhm hmm J: and I think we just take it for granted that we can speak English really well but erm (.) I: so you can (.) sorry to interrupt so you taught English while you were in France J:yeah I was teaching [English I: [that was your erm (.) [placement J: [yeah that was my job I: Interesting J: So yeah just like (.) erm at some point it was like I need to teach them how to do this but you know erm (.) I:mhm hmm J: I dont know how to do it myself because Ive just learnt it (.) I:you just picked it up J:Ive just picked it up so Ive never really learnt it from a book or anything erm (.) speaking of grammar (.) so it was just like you know we take it for granted that I can speak it but actually its really difficult to learn it (.) the English language (.) and I felt like that actually French was much easier to learn (.) I: mhm hmm J:than English was I:can you give me an example of the grammar (.) do you have any exercises that you perhaps were trying to use (.) to teach grammar (.) how were you trying to teach grammar and how was it harder J:erm (.) I did have a example but its just gone out my mind now erm (.) can we come back to that question I: yeah we can come back to that I: so going back to English in your home country, do people speak (.) if you went to a shop or you went to the cinema or you were in public (.) would people speak English or is it not really a language that is spoken? J: erm back then (.) so when I came here we used to go back to Pakistan every single [year I: [what year was that? J: that was (.) we came here in 2002 I:mhmm hmm J:and up until 2006(.) 2007(.) used to visit our family every single year so at that time (.) I:mhmm hmm J: not a lot of people spoke English I: hmm J: You know when you go to the shops or the malls (.) they all [referring to Pakistan locals] speak their own language (.) but now that I go back its a lot more modern (.) I do live in a city Im not from the village side (.) I live in the secondbiggest city of Pakistan so now that Ive been back its quite modern I:mhmm hmm J: So you know people will er (.) dress in a erm (.) westernised way (.) its very westernised so they speak English as well in their everyday lives they, they speak English maybe with their parents as well (.) I:mhmm hmm J: cause Ive seen my cousins erm whenever I speak to them over Skype (.) I:yeah J: or over the phone er (.) sometimes we just start speaking English and itsnormal so its like okay (.) I: thats so interesting J: you speak English really well and thats because its quite common to teach English now in schools because obviously teaching in year 6 is quite late (.) I: right J:so theyve started teaching them [earlier I:[so theyve moved the age up J:yeah I: so do you think if you were a child in Pakistan now (.) J:yeah I: say you left in year 4 again, do you think your English would have been better J: I would know er (.) some of the language if not like all of it (.) it would er (.) it wouldnt be like starting from scratch I: okay (.) so what are your thoughts on the English language on a global slash international scale (.) J: erm I:to give an example a lot of (.) political leaders (.) J: hmm I: a lot of conferences (.) a lot of important things are relayed in English J: mhmm hmm I: and (.) some people find that weird because English is only actually spoken by 8% of the world J: yeah I: by that (.) or any of your experiences (.) what are your thoughts (.) about English language on an international scale (.) obviously coming from being born in Pakistan coming here (.) and reflecting on how different it was then (.) J:mhmm hmm I: and now (.) and youve said yourself its westernised (.) what are your thoughts (.) Im not sure if Im making [much sense J: [I think (.) I think a lot of people associate the English language with being like intelligent (.) I:mhmm hmm J: so if youre able to speak English er you must be intelligent or you know you must be like highly educated or something but its (.) its just a language to me erm (.) cause Ive travelled (.) Ive travelled to so many places and (.) its just (.) among those languages English is just another language to [me I: [yeah J: so its not like (.) I understand erm you know a lot of (.) of these leaders they speak English and so because I think English is the one language that is (.) widely spoken but thats just (.) what we think I: yeah J: even though its not widely spoken but we assume that people (.) that wherever we go people will just know how to speak English I: mhmm hmm J: whereas they dont (.) so erm (.) does that answer your question I: yeah (.) J:[yeah I: [yeah it does answer my question J: okay I: so tell me about some of the difficulties you encountered while learning English erm (.) did it affect any of the languages you already speak or have spoken or (.) J: mhmm hmm I: did it improve them (.) did having another language already help you help English à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  - J: erm I think the difficulties I faced was erm (.) just (.) erm (.) well actually I dont know (.) just the difficulties that (.) erm you know just (.) the time it took me to learn the language I: mhmm hmm J: I mean I think it took me almost two and a half years (.) to be able to speak English fluently I:hmm J: so I could say that I did erm (.) affect (.) my school life I: hmm J: not in a (.) in a (.) like a bad way or something but because erm (.) its not like I got bullied or anything for my English or anything like that (.) erm I had a really good childhood but (.) I think it just kind of put me behind other students Causes Of Deficit: The Financing In Pakistan Causes Of Deficit: The Financing In Pakistan The aim of any government is to fulfill the socioeconomic responsibilities in order to break the vicious cycle of poverty and also uplift the economic conditions. In Pakistan it has been practiced that the aggregate of tax collection and no tax collection revenues are not ample to meet the government expenditure. To fulfill the gap between the spending and revenues so the economist used the perception of deficit financing. The government borrowing from banking and non banking sector and printing new currency is called deficit financing. Deficit financing shows the difference between projected expenditure and projected spending. To fill the gap of government borrows from 1) state bank of the country 2) borrow from commercial banks 3) borrows from non financial sector such as saving centers, insurance companies 4) the last source is printing new notes known as deficit financing. Deficit financing is a situation where government spends more money than its revenue collection. Deficit financing is used for different purposes the main purpose of deficit financing is used to end the recession when the economic activity slow down in order to retrieve the economy in the better situation. In the third world countries like Pakistan the deficit financing becomes the requirement due to bad governance, insufficient spending policies, corruption, tax evasion, and insufficient tax collection. In the west the phrase Deficit Financing is used to explain the intentionally create a difference between public revenues and expenditures or the budget deficit. This gap or difference can be filled by public borrowing, commercial banks, and central bank. The idle saving of is used to fill this gap that in turn increase the employment and output of the country. Deficit financing is the most important tool of generating capital in developing and underdeveloped countries. In developed nation the new currency notes are used to support the public investment that in turn increases the growth rate of a country. The government used the borrowed money for the development purposes i.e. railways, roads, air services, social overhead capital, schools, hospitals etc. The deficit financing is also used to increase the economic activity of a private sector in the country. The monetary expansion in developing countries attached with high rate of borrowing from banks and international sources to finance their budget deficit, budget deficit is the one factor that contributes in disequilibrium in the balances of payments. In developing countries governments are unable to mobilize or use their domestic resources due to inefficient tax system, in such countries the capital market are also underdeveloped and the interest rate determines institutionally. In such circumstances the supply of money increase that causes an increase in the price level. There are different sources of financing the economic development; these resources are domestic resources and foreign resources. Domestic resources are those in which the government finances through taxation, public borrowing, and the saving of government that include the surplus and also include the deficit financing. The foreign source of finance consists of loans, grants, and private investment. The significance of both domestic and foreign resources has their own in developing countries. The most important thing is used to execute these resources in a way that maximum benefit can be achieved for rapid development. 1.1 Background of the problem Pakistan is a large country with a population of 17.50 million in 2010. The economy of Pakistan is still facing the low level of per capita income that is stranded at 699 US $ in December 2012. In Pakistan the ratio of the budget deficit is different in different years. From last two decades the budget deficit is 5.4% to 8.7% of GDP. The average deficit rate was 6% in the period of 1970and it was 7.6% in the period of 1980.In 1990s the deficit ratio was decreased to 6.4% of GDP due to a reduction in development expenditure. The ratio was not achieved by enhancing the tax system but due to the reduction in the development expenditure. The Pakistan tax system is still narrow and punctured due to the poor and weak tax administration. The balance of payments deficit has become a permanent problem of Pakistans economy. For the last fifty years Pakistan has been facing continuously from a current account deficit. The international loans are used to finance the deficit. The debt service charged more than 5% of the GDP of the country. With large budget deficit there is need of rapid growth of domestic credit. In underdeveloped countries the role of free capital markets is limited. The main source of government deficit is financed by the banking system. Like other developing countries Pakistan is also facing a large budget deficit as the most outstanding problem. Deficit financing is also responsible for high inflation rate, decrease growth rate, and low opportunities for private investment. Pakistan faces different rates of the budget deficit in different years. In last two decade the budget deficit ratio was 5.4% -8.7% of GDP. The ratio was 7.6% in 1980s the ratio became 7.6% in 2001- 2002. The rate of budget deficit in Pakistan has grown consistently with the passage of time. At the time of 80sthe budget deficit has increased as much as faster than the early periods and touched the ratio of 8.4% in 1987-88. The rate of budget deficits has decreased to 7% but that ratio was also considered high one of the experts. Due to large budget deficit there was a high rate borrowing is used to responsible for an increase in the domestic debts since 1980-81. In the period of 90s the severe situation faced by the State Bank of Pakistan to control inflation within the targeted limit and make sure the macroeconomic stability. In the fiscal year of 1998 and 2003 the rate of inflation was 4.6% that were relatively lesser the best rate. In early 1973 and 1980 the inflation rate was two digit figures that were 14.3%. The rate of inflation controlled in the period of 1980 that was 7.2% per annum but unfortunately the rate of inflation again grown to 10% per annum. The high rate of inflation also caused due to excess money supply, fiscal imbalances, and deficit finance sources. 1.2 Problem Formulation Chaudhary and Hamid (2001) Pakistan are facing severe obstacles of generating public revenue. The persistent failure in attainment of public revenue leads the public sector to depend on public borrowing. The result is that the public debt goes to increase the rate of 90% of GDP and the rate of budget deficit increase to 8% of GDP. The figure of budget deficit lead to double digit inflation (ref). These imbalances adversely affect the economy. These problems all are interconnected with each other in order to decrease the public revenues that in turn create the hindrance to meet the needs of the public expenditures. In this regard the efforts are made to improve the taxation system that is not based on the scientific approach, thats why the to attain the target of achieving the projected target failed continuously. The result is that it is not only used to meet the demands of development projects because at that time it not able to meet the demand of the current expenditure. In Pakista n the less than 1% population is taxpayer. According to the economic survey of (1998-99) Pakistan has experienced the sustainable growth rate more than three decades till 1990. Pakistans economy grew at the rate of 6% per annum more than three decades but the situation became adverse in 1990. The collection of tax also became very adverse at a satisfactory level. The other developing nations like Pakistan at the age of early growth need to get higher revenue than the developed nations. Due to the obstacles that prevail in getting the higher growth rate this could lead to the unsustanability to survive. According to the economic survey of 1998-99 the growth rate of Pakistan goes to down at 4.5% per annum, the ratio was about 6% in the last 3 decades and same ratio was 3% for few years. The deficit finance is the result of failure in an increase in the public sector to increase their savings. The trend shows that the efforts made in collecting taxes do not meet the demand of the public. It is important to note that Pakistan is not attaining the targeting revenue through tax. According to world development report (1979, 1991and 1997) the rate of tax collecting in the other developing countries is 25%. In the period of 1998-99 the tax shortfall was approximately 20%; it shows that there is need of detailed study of the tax reform system. The economic crises over in 2008, Pakistan have enjoyed greater economic activity. The policy maker in Pakistans fights a battle against the crisis hit in 2008-2009. The sudden increase in the oil prices also causes the alarming situation for the deficit in foreign debt and also decrease the value of the rupee. Pakistan made efforts to seek the international monetary fund after the allies of China, USA, and Saudi Arabia to refuse to provide the funds to the country in October 2008. Pakistan has provided the US$ 1 billion loan for 23 months. Pakistan asked the IMF to raise their loan from US47.6 billion to US$ 12.1 billion in February 2009. In august 2009 the IMF increases the time span to 25 months and increase the grant to US$11. 3 billion to meet their financial needs. 1.3 Previous Studies Ishfaq and Chaudhary (1999)The debt history of Pakistan started in 1984-85, when the surplus revenues turned into a deficit. The fiscal deficit and debt converted into multiple rates. The total deficit rate was Rs 89.2 billion in 1990-91 that rate was increased to 66% in 1997-98 and approximately to Rs 148 billion. The domestic debt was increased to 185 percent the amount increased Rs 448 billion to Rs 1280 billion and foreign debt increased to 156 percent the amount was Rs 272 billion to Rs 697 billion in the same time period. Pakistan has an opportunity to do some measures for the establishment of the macroeconomic indicator rather than to go for deficit financing for generating the revenue. In the mid of the 2008 the Pakistan started registering the imbalance in the overall economy. At the end of the 2008 the Pakistan fiscal deficit was increased to $ 5.6 billion that exceed to $ 8 billion. The trade deficit also increases to $ 13 billion to $ 18 billion. Foreign reserve has fallen to decrease to $ 6.5 billion. (Baig, 2011) Pakistan forced to take the help from the IMF in order to get financing for the deficit finance of their economy. The help provided by the IMF was the package of $6.7 billion that was later increased to $ 11.3 billion in 2009. The IMF also helped Pakistan by providing bilateral and multilateral aid that also causes to increase external debt and liabilities to $ 54 billion from $ 41 billion in January 2008. Pakistan is also used to sovereign bonds and sindak bonds in order to use another form of deficit financing. This also creates a problem for a country to repurchase these bonds according to their specified time table or schedule because different countries have different foreign currencies. In these situation investors does not show their concern toward the investment. (Baig, 2011) These both measures are taken by the international market that is not so enough for the needs of the Pakistan and then government compelled toward the third mode of deficit finance monetization. The Pakistani government relies on the domestic borrowing that is the cause of disparities in the debt dynamics. The domestic debt borrowing increased to 24% in the mid of 2008. Pakistan domestic debt was multiplied from Rs 2610 to Rs 4490 in the fiscal year of 2007.At the end of March 2010 Pakistan domestic debt was $ 53.2 billion which was appoximately30.6% of GDP. All the source of the deficit finance is failing to attain the desired results and lead the economy toward the negative direction. By the mid of 2010 Pakistans total domestic debt reached to $ 100 billion and there is already paid interest about $5.6 billion and debt servicing amounted $ 7.6 billion annually that was expected to cross the limit of $ 10 billion after the fiscal year of 2010-11. (Baig, 2011) Deficit finance works only when there are such sound policies that direct the planners that how to spend money in a way that raise debt, generate revenues and also plan some actionable ideas that directs that how to repay the debt. For the attainment of all these targets there should be a need of honest and sincere governors that Pakistan does not have. In this way we are able to increase the debt and rising the liabilities that is useful for the upcoming generation to pay off that. The money that is used to spend on the future of the Pakistani people should also be spent on the future of Pakistan that could be served as the bureaucracy, foreign visit, corruption and government functionaries. Today the Pakistan debt situation is alarming and we have no plans that how to raise sustainable revenues and having no idea that how to accumulate the external and domestic debt. We have very few and tough choices to make serious and valuable decisions. (Baig, 2011) Causes of Deficit Financing in Pakistan The main causes of deficit financing in Pakistan are: Increase in government expenditure: The government expenditures both development and non development are increasing as time passes. The government has not been able to meet the expenditure by its revenues. Ineffective budget deficit: There are ineffective fiscal policies implemented in Pakistan and fiscal indiscipline also result the public debt. Fiscal deficit: The average fiscal deficit in 1990s was 7% of GDP. The public debt increased from 66% of GDP in 1980 that almost 100% by the mid of 2000. In 2004-2005 the fiscal deficit was 3.3% of GDP however; it increased to 4.2% in 2006-2007. Low saving: The people of Pakistan are consumption oriented. Due to high consumption rate the saving ratio was lower than 16%. Rapid population growth: The rapid population growth also a main cause to slow down the economic activity of a country. According to economic survey of 2007-2008 the population growth was 1.8%. In underdeveloped countries the increase in money supply is one of the major causes of disequilibrium in the balance of payment with heavy government borrowing from banks and as well as from international source of finance. In such developing countries government relies on the deficit financing due to unable to use their domestic sources due to the inflexible tax structure. The capital market of such underdeveloped nations is not able to determine the interest rate and the interest rate was determined by the institutions that in case the result of excess money supply. 1.4 Purpose Statement The rationale of this study is used to test the theory of association that relates the dependent variables and independent variables. Here in this study the factors (exchange rate, inflation, tax, interest rate) that is affected by the deficit financing are independent variables and GDP is dependent variable. Its individuality will be statistically restricted in this study. 1.5 Objective of Study The following objective will be paying consideration to guide the study: To study the impact of deficit finance on the exchange rate To analyze the effect of deficit financing on the tax rates. To study the impact of deficit finance on the interest rate. 1.6 Significance of Study Our study is about the impact of exchange rate, inflation, taxes and interest rate on deficit financing. In which we will see that how the factors are directly or indirectly affect by the deficit financing. LITERATURE REVIEW Mukhtar and Zakaria (2011) explain their study that, In the economic journalism, frequent models have been designed to examine the long-run association between inflation, money supply and budget deficit. However the proof from the observed literature is diverse. In 1990 De Haan and Zelhorst investigate the link between government deficit in budget and money growth in underdeveloped nations. The general conclusion of this study does not offer much sustained for the suggestion that government budget deficit causes monetary expansion and, therefore, leads to price increases. Vieira at (2000) examines the association between economic deficit and inflation in the case of six major European economies. The domino consequence present modest support for the proposal that the deficit in the budget was a significant causal reason for inflation in these economies over the most recent 45 years. Drivel and Ndungu (2001), as an active error correction model of inflation for Kenya, find that money s upply affect price only in the short-run. Though, the study by Catao and Terrones in 2003 shows that there is a strong positive affiliation between budget deficits and inflation among the underdeveloped countries as well as countries characterized by high inflation, but not among advanced economies with low-inflation. In the case of Pakistan, the study conducted to inspect the part of fiscal deficit as a major determinant of inflation also give mixed results. Bilquees in (1988) discover no connection stuck between deficit in the budget and inflation. In 1998 Neyaptis experiential study based on the data set for 44 underdeveloped and less developed nations indicates that the positive involvement between the deficit in the budget and inflation is not statistically important for a number of nations as well as Pakistan. On the other hand, in comparison to these studies, in 1994 Shabbir and Ahmed locate a constructive connection linking budget deficits and inflation in Pakistan. According to their result, if there will be a 1 percent increase in budget deficit there will be 6 to 7% increase in the general price level. According to Chaudary and Ahmed in 1995 explain that if internally finance the budget deficit mainly from banking system then there will be an inflationary pressure in the long run. The o utcome point to a constructive affiliation stuck between budget deficit and inflation during sharp inflation periods of the 1970s. The authors also find that money supply is not exogenous; rather, it depends on the location of global funds and fiscal deficit. Khan and Qasim in 1996 expose that the expansionary fiscal policy standpoint has been reflected in a weakening balance of payments position and has induced frequent down amendment in the rupee, which has caused the price level to increase. (Mukhtar and Zakaria, 2011) Afreen Baig in 2011 used to examine and study the impact of deficit financing in developed countries. The US government responded with unprecedented bank bailouts worth $700 billion and further $787 billion fiscal stimulus package. According to data compiled by Bloomberg, the US has spent or guaranteed bail outs worth $11.6 trillion, only little less than the worth of their total GDP. With Interest rates lingering around zero percent and around $300 billion already given in tax cuts this had to be the best possible approach. The wars after 911, in Afghanistan and Iraq, forced the national debt to swell from $5 trillion to $13.5 trillion today. Since 1770s, the US national debt has soared higher à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  fueled by wars, economic recessions and accumulated budget deficits. The USA had to deficit finance their economy out on every occasion, consequentially raising the debt to about 100% of their GDP. These days, USAs GDP is $14.3 billion dollars and a community debts of $13.92 billion dollars. Furthermore, the USA has a trade lack of $0.501 billion dollars and funds lack of $1.4 09 billion dollars. Their supplies are a negligible $129 billion dollars in evaluation of their nationwide failures, insufficient to back up the imbalances designed in the overall financial system. For USA, Deficit funding has not assisted generate that good incidents, to generate sufficient earnings, in order to get over the yearly failures or decrease their community debts. The economy shall keep warm up, unless the directing concept implemented is that of long term revenue creation and stability in the macro-economic signs with regard to their GDP. However, since Money is the source money in the world, there is hardly any possibility of US sovereign standard. (Baig, 2011) Similarly, the Economy of UK has not been that perfect, and decades of lack funding, including the present trance of relief and quantitative reducing, value around  £1.122 billion dollars and interest prices cut as low as 0.5%, in previous times two decades several weeks, from 4.5% in 2008 has not provided a substitute design for long-lasting financial development and durability. Today, UK the globes 5th biggest financial system, has a GDP of around $2.15 billion dollars and a public debt of $9.12 billion dollars. Furthermore, they have a business lack of $123 billion dollars and a fund deficit of $312 billion dollars, accented by their pitiable international supplies of $53 billion dollars. UKs external debt as the amount of their GDP has rocketed to 424% and the perspective to 2011 is as perturbing, as throughout the economic downturn period of 2007-2010, even after the various ways of deficit financing Despite whatever upgrades the financial experts predict, most of the Western economies keep warm up, are vulnerable to the tiniest sign of financial recession and the recovery begins flagging in any case, despite all efforts at lack reducing. The only reason for this warming up is that they have become amongst the globes maximum struggling with debt countries, due to years of lack funding, with their income creation not adequate to back up their development on their own. Most of these Western financial systems have become disaster-prone, unless they create resolute attempts to lower their debt to GDP rate, and further create sure you bring about equilibrium in their significant financial signs, even if they cannot accomplish budget surplus. (Baig, 2011) China providers however, has been in a fairly good position, mainly due to its balanced macro-economic signs and sensible guidelines. Genuine and identified cost-effective changes of late 70s set the stage for balance in an investment, industrial, local consumption, exports and income generation. Today, China providers an economic system with a GDP of above $5 billion money has a limited group cost-effective financial debt of merely $347 billion money dollars, a positive business excess of $190 billion money dollars, and a little budget absence of $109 billion money dollars. Extremely, China providers also maintain the planets biggest collected sovereign funds, foreign resources of $2.648 billion money. These encouraging set of macro-economic indicators enabled China providers to prevent international results of financial issues easily, however providing its local consumption, in wake up of low business goals. Lack financing worked for China providers it shored up on extra group s pending, as its group financial circumstances remained continuous throughout. The stimulus measures or absence financing, wishes to increase Chinas group cost-effective financial debt hardly by 3% of their GDP, without creating any problem. (Baig, 2011) Chinas projects to get over the repercussions of financial issues are much more commendable and more sensible, than any other country in the world. While most nations spend huge on bailing out financial institutions and financial companies to improve indirect resources for trading markets, China providers have offered direct employment and money activity in the trading markets. China providers released upon the most sensible of absence financing. (Baig, 2011) The government will be able to fund only 5% of its resources absence with international loans, throwing the rest of the economy problem on family sources of financing, helping the possibility of continuous excellent bolstering, excellent prices and low economic growth during economical period 2012. As a result of the cancellation of the $11.3 billion money dollars Globally Financial Finance (IMF) bailout program, which activated other worldwide loan providers to delay their financing as well, the government will be remaining with less than $526 million (Rs46 billion) in net external financing during the economical period completing May 30, 2012. This amount is just 5.3% of the resources absence, approximated at Rs856 billion money dollars or 4% of the complete size of the marketplace during the next economic period. Many professionals have regarded the concentrate on good at best. The rest of the Rs810 billion money dollars will have to be raised for the family market, for which the government is likely to turn to two sources, neither of which is delicious from the economical perspective. The first is credit from professional banking organizations, which drives out lending towards the personal market and reduces economical growth. The second choice is to power the main financial institution to simply make money, which is the single biggest cause of bolstering in the country. (The Express Tribune, May 26th, 2011) The government credit for funding of financial lack has improved the attention transaction to 58. 5 percent of the complete net approximated income during the present financial season, official documents revealed. The government has reserved Rs 699 billion dollars in the present financial season budget for attention transaction, which has now been improved to Rs 727 billion dollars due to credit by the government for funding of financial lack and great attention rate by the Condition Financial institution of Pakistan to acquire the blowing up. The complete approximated net income available with the government is Rs 1,242 billion dollars after Rs 993 billion dollar transfers to the regions against attention transaction of Rs 727 billion dollars during 2010-11. The Fund Ministry also acknowledged that community industry lack plays a role in inflationary pressure and shows dangerous for financial commitment and growth by increasing household investment and forcing up prices. The problem with the Condition Financial institution of Pakistan of funding the government financial lack is a negative aspect of the macroeconomic situation and deteriorates its ability to engage in a sound monetary plan. The reason behind this is that the funding of the lack takes up funds in the personal and banking industry which would otherwise be used for the financial commitment. The funding of the lack forced the Central Financial institution of Pakistan to keep prices great which get smaller credit to the personal industry and ultimately undermin es financial commitment. According to Fund Ministry after several decades from 2000 forward the country s community financial debt reduced and brought under a degree of management, the trend since 2008 has been towards improved indebtedness. This is true both for household financial debt, which had carried the main part of the problem of funding the community industry lack, and two exterior financial debts, in which the inevitable options to credit up to 9 billion dollars from the IMF to address the 2008 economic crisis, has left a heritage of substantial exterior financial debt repayment obligations for the coming 3-4 decades. This problem substantially reduces room for manoeuvring in community industry funding. This all happened because of a failure by the government to implement the financial plan as on the one side it was able to mobilize resources by bringing casual areas in the tax net while however it was not ready to manage investments. (31 May 2011 BUSINESS RECORDER WWW. FO REXPK .COM) Gaber in 2010 explain the financial plan symbolizes strong instrument which through community expenditure and taxation can have an impact on the combination need for goods and solutions in the economic system. The budget lack plan, excessive community financial commitment upon collecting community earnings, is started because of the economic growth impact. Through the household and organization choices that modify the money supply or level of taxation, there is oblique impact of the combination need bend. But with public expenditure involved from the government, there is a direct impact on the aggregate need bends. If we assume that the government made a buy of some community good, for example flat lands, it will improve the combination need. But is the amount of change the same as the preliminary community expenditure? Therefore, we are faced with two macroeconomic results. The first, multiplier impact indicates that the movement in the combination need will be bigger than they buy, but the second one crowding out indicates that the combination need modify will be smaller than the preliminary community financial commitment that can be seen the latter. However, improved need leads to with bigger engagement of the workforce and higher earnings of the organization. That kind of modern impact is relocated to the worker wages and other organization earned, which results to improve of consumption of different goods and solutions. So the state need for planes increases the need for other companys products in the economic system. Because an increase in the combination need is bigger than the preliminary government financial commitment, it is said that the government investing has growing impact on the aggregate demand. This implies that there is a review between the greater aggregate demand and the earnings which consistently leads towards greater need, then again to greater earnings etc. All these results imply that the total impact on demand goods and solutions will be bigger in respect to kick off point of the government financial commitment. Also, that could start response from the financial commitment side as a reply to the increased need of goods and solutions. That would mean an additional investment in the plain organization for new plant, equipment and so on. In this case, the higher government investing produces greater financial commitment products need. This is known as financial commitment decrease. (Gaber,2010) Multiplier effect could be obtained from the individual investing multiplier where the minor tendency to eat (MPC) is the essential factor the aspect of the extra income that the family takes in instead of preserving it. The multiplier = 1+MPC+MPC2+MPC3+=1/ (1-MPC). It shows the need for products and services created upon 1 European of government financial commitment. The multiplier reasoning indicates to any part of the GDP, and not only to the government financial commitment, as customer investing, financial commitment and net trade. So, if it acquires decrease in the net trade of some nation, for example, in the amount of 1 million European, the decrease in nations products will put stress on the national Income and therefore will decrease the household customer investing. With MPC=4, the net trade decrease of 1 thousand European will mean shrinkage in the aggregate need from 4 thousand European. (Gaber,2010) This is only the first device of the financial plan, public financial commitment, but there is another taxation, which also can have effects on nationwide income. That can be seen through the personal income tax. Decrease in this tax will improve the household income that the individuals take home. One aspect is stored and the other is consumed. Because of taking changes, there is action in the aggregate demand bend to the right. Reverse, tax improve will decrease investing and move the combination need bend to the left3. Therefore, the multiplier and frequenting out effect is also regular for the second instrument of the financial plan. When the